| MONTENEGRO | |
2005 | EUROPEAN COMMISSION Serbia and Montenegro joined the Council of Europe’s GRECO initiative (Group of States against Corruption) and ratified the European Convention on Laundering, Search, Seizure and Confiscation of the Proceeds from Crime. Even here the impact of the division of competences between the State and Republics can be seen; within GRECO the two Republics take turns as speaker and there is no consolidated state policy. [1]
In the field of the fight against organised crime and corruption, UN convention provisions have still to be adopted. Moves to allow the EU Member States to send liaison officers to Serbia and Montenegro and the follow-up to the Palermo convention are still pending.[2] |
| COUNCIL OF EUROPE In April and May 2005, Serbia and Montenegro signed the CoE Civil Law Convention on Corruption, the Convention on Cybercrime, the Second Additional Protocol to the European Convention on Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters, the Convention on Laundering, Search, Seizure and Confiscation of the Proceeds from Crime and on the Financing of Terrorism and the Convention on the Prevention of Terrorism. At both member states levels, work should now be pursued towards ratification of these conventions.[3] | |
2006 | EUROPEAN COMMISSION Further training of all relevant agencies is needed with a view to fully implement the UN Convention on corruption. [4]
|
2007 | EUROPEAN COMMISSION Montenegro is continuing to participate in the Council of Europe’s GRECO initiative.
In October 2006, Montenegro deposited the notification of accession to the United Nations Convention against Corruption. In line with GRECO recommendations and the action plan, DACI started preparations to conduct a comprehensive investigation into corruption with expert support from UNODC.
Montenegro, together with other members of the Stability Pact anti-corruption initiative, signed a memorandum of understanding concerning cooperation in fighting corruption through the South-Eastern European Anti-Corruption Initiative in 2007.[5]
The Council of Europe’s Civil Law Convention on Corruption and the additional protocol to the Criminal Law Convention on Corruption have not been ratified by parliament.[6] |
2008 | COUNCIL OF EUROPE Montenegro has recently ratified two important Council of Europe conventions related to corruption: the Civil Law Convention on Corruption, which will enter into force on 1 May 2008, and the Additional Protocol to the Criminal Law Convention on Corruption, which will enter into force on 1 July 2008. The implementation of these conventions will entail new professional challenges for the relevant bodies in Montenegro, notably the Directorate for Anti-Corruption Initiatives (DACI).[7]
It will be important in the near future for the remaining legislation concerning anti-corruption to be adopted in line with the recommendations of the Council of Europe’s Group of States against Corruption (GRECO). Furthermore, Montenegro should deliver its compliance report on implementation of the recommendations from GRECO’s joint first and second round of evaluation by 31 May 2008.[8]
Ratify those conventions required within one year of accession, notably: Convention on Laundering, Search, Seizure and Confiscation of the Proceeds from Crime and on the Financing of Terrorism.[9] Implement the recommendations of GRECO, notably towards: improving the record of domestic prosecution of corruption and organised crime; improving the accountability of the public administration through independent oversight which includes civil society.[10] |
| serbia | |
2005 | EUROPEAN COMMISSION Serbia and Montenegro joined the Council of Europe’s GRECO initiative (Group of States against Corruption) and ratified the European Convention on Laundering, Search, Seizure and Confiscation of the Proceeds from Crime. Even here the impact of the division of competences between the State and Republics can be seen; within GRECO the two Republics take turns as speaker and there is no consolidated state policy. [11]
In the field of the fight against organised crime and corruption, UN convention provisions have still to be adopted. Moves to allow the EU Member States to send liaison officers to Serbia and Montenegro and the follow-up to the Palermo convention are still pending.[12] |
| COUNCIL OF EUROPE In April and May 2005, Serbia and Montenegro signed the CoE Civil Law Convention on Corruption, the Convention on Cybercrime, the Second Additional Protocol to the European Convention on Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters, the Convention on Laundering, Search, Seizure and Confiscation of the Proceeds from Crime and on the Financing of Terrorism and the Convention on the Prevention of Terrorism. At both member states levels, work should now be pursued towards ratification of these conventions.[13] | |
2006 | EUROPEAN COMMISSION Serbia has continued to participate in the Council of Europe’s GRECO initiative (Group of States against Corruption). In October 2005, Serbia and Montenegro ratified the UN convention against corruption. In 2005 Serbia and Montenegro signed the Council of Europe civil law convention against corruption. The Serbian criminal Code which entered into force in 2006 has brought the wording of criminal offences closer to the Council of Europe’s ratified criminal law convention against corruption.[14] |
| COUNCIL OF EUROPE The UN Convention against corruption has been ratified and the National strategy in the fight against corruption has been adopted. GRECO’s Evaluation report on Serbia has been adopted and outlines to the progress achieved in fighting corruption, however the recommendations contained in the report need to be given careful attention and follow up, including by the Commission for the implementation of the corruption strategy in charge of drafting the action plan and monitoring procedure.[15] | |
| GRECO Serbia is party to the Criminal Law Convention on Corruption, to the Convention on Laundering, Search, Seizure and Confiscation of the Proceeds from Crime and to the UN Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime. Serbia is also party to the European Convention on mutual legal assistance in criminal matters, ratified in 2001.[16]
Serbia has taken some specific measures in the field of prevention of corruption: ratification of the Criminal Law Convention on Corruption of the Council of Europe, signature of the UN Convention against Corruption and creation of the Council for the Fight against Corruption.[17] | |
2007 | EUROPEAN COMMISSION Serbia continued to participate in the Council of Europe’s GRECO initiative.[18]
The Council of Europe civil law convention against corruption and the additional protocol to the criminal law convention against corruption have not been ratified. [19] |
| COUNCIL OF EUROPE The Serbian authorities have submitted in December the compliance report to the Council of Europe’s Group of States Against Corruption (GRECO). The Civil Law Convention on Corruption and the Additional Protocol to the Criminal Law Convention on Corruption were ratified in November 2007.[20] | |
| BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA | |
2005 | EUROPEAN COMMISSION On the ratification of international conventions in the anti-corruption field, Bosnia and Herzegovina has ratified the UN Convention against Trans-national Crime, the Council of Europe Criminal Law Convention on Corruption and the Council of Europe Civil Law Convention against Corruption. The UN Convention on Fighting Corruption (Mérida Convention) was signed in September 2005. Bosnia and Herzegovina has not yet signed the Additional Protocol to the Criminal Law Convention on Corruption, and it is not yet a party to the 1997 OECD Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International Business Transactions. [21]
Bosnia and Herzegovina is a member of the Council of Europe Group of States against Corruption (GRECO). [22]
Bosnia and Herzegovina is also involved in the Stability Pact’s Anti-corruption Initiative (SPAI). In this respect, the SPAI Regional Secretariat was opened in Bosnia and Herzegovina in March 2004. [23] |
| COUNCIL OF EUROPE In September, BiH signed the UN Convention against Corruption. [24] | |
2006 | EUROPEAN COMMISSION Bosnia and Herzegovina is a member of the Council of Europe Group of States against Corruption (GRECO), and it is involved in the Stability Pact’s Anti-corruption Initiative (SPAI).[25]
Bosnia and Herzegovina has not ratified the UN Convention on Fighting Corruption (Mérida Convention) and has not signed the Additional Protocol to the Criminal Law Convention on Corruption. It is not yet a party to the 1997 OECD Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International Business Transactions. [26] |
2007 | EUROPEAN COMMISSION During the reporting period, Bosnia and Herzegovina ratified the UN Convention on Fighting Corruption (Mérida Convention), although ratification of the Additional Protocol to the Criminal Law Convention is still pending.[27] |
| COUNCIL OF EUROPE BiH joined GRECO in 2000 and ratified both the Criminal Law Convention and Civil Law Convention on corruption. However, BiH has neither signed nor ratified the Additional Protocol to the Criminal Law Convention on Corruption.[28] | |
| KOSOVO | |
2005 | EUROPEAN COMMISSION Kosovo is not a party to the main international conventions in the field of anti-corruption (Council of Europe criminal law convention on corruption, Council of Europe civil law convention on corruption, and its additional protocol and the UN convention against corruption). Although some of these provisions have to some extent been interpreted in the domestic legislation such as the provisional criminal code of Kosovo and the law on the suppression of corruption, more effort is required to launch a more cohesive and forceful action against corruption.[29] |
2006 | EUROPEAN COMMISSION Kosovo is not party to the main international conventions in the field of anti-corruption. However, the provisions of these legal instruments have to some extent been integrated into the domestic legislation such as the provisional criminal code of Kosovo and the law on the suppression of corruption.[30] |
| ALBANIA | |
2005 | EUROPEAN COMMISSION Albania ratified the Civil Law Convention on Corruption and the Criminal Law Convention on Corruption in 2001 and signed the UN Anticorruption Convention in December 2003. Albania ratified the UN Convention against Trans-national Organised Crime (the Palermo Convention), which contains several provisions related to corruption, in 2002. Implementation of these conventions requires new legislation, the development of which, with the exception of the organised crime aspects, continues to be slow. Albania is not a signatory country of the 1997 OECD Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International Business Transactions. Albania’s penal code makes bribery a crime, but the country has no specific legislation on bribery of foreign officials. [31]
In the framework of GRECO, Albania has adopted a Compliance Report on the recommendations contained in the December 2002 First Round Evaluation Report on Albania. The Report recognised the progress made by Albania in implementing some of the recommendations, for example regarding anticorruption strategy, the proceeds of crime and codes of ethics for groups vulnerable to corruption, but also highlighted that more effort should be made to improve the transparency of public authorities vis-à-vis the media and the public, to collect and process data on corruption from all central government institutions, to increase the autonomy of the police and the Public Procurement Agency, to strengthen the office of the People’s Advocate (Ombudsman) and to ensure that the State Auditor presents the scope and justification of its planned activities at the start of each fiscal year. The report issued following GRECO’s second evaluation round made a further series of recommendations, calling for improvements including identification and seizure of assets, public officials who move to the private sector, whistle-blowing, and training for both the tax authorities and private accountants and auditors.[32] |
| GRECO The legal framework for international legal assistance on provisional measures and confiscation of proceeds of corruption is based on the relevant provisions of the Criminal Code and the Criminal Procedure Code as well as on the international treaties in force in Albania, in particular, the Civil and Criminal Law Conventions on Corruption (ETS Nos 173 and 174), the European Convention on Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters (ETS No 30) and the Convention on Laundering, Search, Seizure and Confiscation of the Proceeds from crime (ETS No 141). According to the Constitution, international conventions which have been ratified are directly applicable in Albania even without a specific law transposing them into national law.[33] | |
2006 | EUROPEAN COMMISSION Albania participates in two regional anti-corruption initiatives: the Council of Europe GRECO (Group of States against Corruption) and SPAI (Stability Pact Anticorruption Initiative). .[34]
New legislation is required for Albania to implement the Civil Law Convention on Corruption and the Criminal Law Convention on Corruption, the UN Anticorruption Convention and the UN Convention against Trans-national Organised Crime (the Palermo Convention, which contains provisions on corruption), the development of which is delayed. Albania still has no specific legislation on bribery of foreign officials and is not a signatory country of the 1997 OECD Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International Business Transactions.[35] |
2007 | EUROPEAN COMMISSION Through the Stability Pact Anticorruption Initiative (SPAI) Albania hosted a regional conference on implementing the UN Convention against Corruption. The government implemented this convention, and the UN Convention against Trans-national Organised Crime (Palermo Convention) provisions on corruption, in national legislation and took steps to raise awareness of related standards. Albania has aligned its Criminal Code with the Council of Europe Criminal Law Convention on Corruption. [36]
Albania has not yet fully aligned its Civil, Commercial and Administrative Codes with the Council of Europe Civil Law Convention on Corruption.[37]
Albania ratified the Council of Europe Convention on Laundering, Search, Seizure and Confiscation of Proceeds of Crime and on the Financing of Terrorism.[38] |
| croatia | |
2005 | EUROPEAN COMMISSION The Additional Protocol to the European Criminal Law Convention on Corruption was ratified in April 2005 as was the UN Convention against Corruption. In October 2004, amendments to the Criminal Code entered into force, which aim at further harmonising Croatian legislation with international instruments. Croatia has been a member of the Group of States against Corruption (GRECO) since 2000. In December 2004 GRECO issued a compliance report on Croatia which concluded that half of the 16 recommendations from its May 2002 Evaluation Report had been dealt with satisfactorily.[39]
As regards legislative developments related to anti-corruption policy, the Croatian Parliament ratified the UN Convention against Corruption in February 2005 and the Additional Protocol to the European Criminal Law Convention on Corruption in April 2005. It is important that these instruments are now implemented. Croatia had previously already ratified the Criminal and Civil law Conventions of the Council of Europe. In October 2004, amendments to the Criminal Code entered into force, which aim at harmonising Croatian legislation with the Criminal Law Convention on Corruption and its Additional Protocol. The law now proscribes the criminal offence of corruption in the business sector (accepting or offering a bribe in economic business), criminalizes corruption offences with a foreign element and expands the definition of predicate offences in money laundering.[40]
As a member of GRECO, Croatia is currently in the second round of evaluation of the implementation of anti-corruption legislation. In December 2004 GRECO issued a Compliance Report confirming that around half of 16 recommendations made in the first round evaluation had been implemented satisfactorily by Croatia.[41] |
2007 | EUROPEAN COMMISSION Measures to actively investigate illicit enrichment in line with the UN Convention against Corruption (that has been ratified by Croatia) have not been transposed into national legislation.[42] |
| MACEDONIA | |
2005 | EUROPEAN COMMISSION The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia has ratified the Council of Europe Criminal and Civil Law Conventions on Corruption and the Convention on Laundering, Search, Seizure and Confiscation of the Proceeds from Crime. The Additional Protocol to the Criminal Law Convention on Corruption has been signed and ratified. The UN Convention against Corruption has been signed but not yet ratified and the OECD Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International Business Transactions has yet to be signed. The country has been a member of the Group of States against Corruption (GRECO) since October 2000. Out of the 17 recommendations made by GRECO in 2002, 15 have been implemented or partly implemented. Efforts have to be made to implement the remaining two. Current proposals by the government provide for the necessary constitutional changes. [43]
At the international level, the UN Convention against Corruption has been signed but not yet ratified and the OECD Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International Business Transactions still has to be both signed and ratified. [44] |
| GRECO The legal framework for mutual legal assistance at international level is provided by the Convention on Laundering, Search, Seizure and Confiscation of the Proceeds from Crime, the European Convention on Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters with its additional Protocols, and the UN Convention against Transnational Organised Crime.[45]
| |
2006 | EUROPEAN COMMISSION The UN Convention against corruption still has to be ratified. The OECD Convention on combating bribery of foreign public officials in international business transactions has yet to be signed.[46]
The OECD Convention on combating bribery of foreign public officials in international business transactions has yet to be signed. The UN Convention against corruption remains to be ratified.[47] |
2007 | EUROPEAN COMMISSION The parliament ratified the United Nations Convention against Corruption. Most of the recommendations of the Council of Europe Group of States against Corruption (GRECO) have been implemented.[48]
The parliament ratified the United Nations Convention against Corruption. [49] The OECD Convention on combating bribery of foreign public officials has not yet been signed. The GRECO guidelines on the lifting of the immunity of deputies still need to be introduced. [50] |
| BULGARIA | |
2004 | EUROPEAN COMMISSION Bulgaria‘s legislation is to a large extent aligned with the Convention on the Protection of the European Communities Interests and its Protocols. The Council of Europe Civil law Convention entered into force in November 2003. Bulgaria ratified the Additional Protocol to the Council of Europe Criminal law Convention against Corruption in December 2003. Bulgaria signed in December 2003 the UN Convention against Corruption. [51] |
2005 | EUROPEAN COMMISSION Bulgaria continues to participate in the monitoring of anti-corruption measures adopted by the OECD Working Group on Bribery in International Business Transactions and in GRECO (the Council of Europe Group of States against Corruption).[52] |
2006 | EUROPEAN COMMISSION Bulgaria has ratified the UN convention against corruption.[53] |
| ROMANIA | |
2004 | EUROPEAN COMMISSION In November 2003 the Council of Europe’s Civil and Criminal Law Conventions on Corruption entered into force. [54]
Romania is not yet party to the 1997 OECD Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International Business Transactions. [55]
Romania remains involved in the Stability Pact Anti-corruption Initiative sponsored by the OECD Secretariat, and participates in the Council of Europe’s Group of States against Corruption (GRECO). The PNA has designated a prosecutor under GRECO for the 2002-2005 Second Evaluation group of experts. A First Round Compliance Report on Romania was adopted by GRECO in July 2004. [56] |
2005 | EUROPEAN COMMISSION Romania remains involved in the Stability Pact Anti-Corruption Initiative sponsored by the OECD Secretariat, and participates in the Council of Europe’s Group of States against Corruption (GRECO). [57]
In February 2005 a GRECO Evaluation Team also conducted a Second Evaluation Round and it is planned for their report to be adopted in mid- October 2005.[58]
In March 2005 the Additional Protocol to the Council of Europe Criminal Law Convention on Corruption entered into force.[59] |
| GRECO Romania ratified the Criminal Law Convention on Corruption (ETS 173) on 11 July 2002. The Convention came into force in respect of Romania on 1 November 2002.[60] | |
[1] Commission of the European Communities, Commission Staff Working Paper Report on the Preparedness of Serbia and Montenegro to Negotiate a Stabilisation and Association Agreement with the European Union, Brussels, 12.04.2005 SEC (2005) 478 final , Justice and Home Affairs, Preventing and combating crime and other illegal activities . Combating illegal trafficking and illicit drugs, p. 43
[2] European Commission, Serbia and Montenegro 2005 Progress Report {COM (2005) 561 final}, Brussels, 9 November 2005 SEC (2005) 1428, European partnership: Overall assessment, Political situation, The fight against organised crime and corruption, p. 55
[3] Council of Europe, SG/Inf(2005)13 , Serbia and Montenegro: Compliance with obligations and commitments and implementation of the post-accession co-operation programme, Eighth report (March 2005 – June 2005),13 July 2005, Rule of law, Fight against corruption, organised crime and regulation of conflicts of interest, p. 14
[4] Commission of the European Communities, Commission Staff Working Document Montenegro 2006 Progress Report EN {COM (2006) 649 final}, Brussels, 08.11.2006 SEC (2006) 1388, Political criteria, Democracy and the rule of law, Anti-corruption policy, p. 11
[5] Commission of the European Communities, Commission Staff Working Document Montenegro 2007 Progress Report {COM(2007) 663 final}, Brussels, 6.11.2007 SEC(2007) 1434, Political criteria, Democracy and the rule of law, Anti-corruption policy, p. 11 – 12
[6] Ibid, p. 12
[7] Council of Europe, SG/Inf (2008) 9 final Montenegro: Compliance with obligations and commitments and implementation of the post-accession co-operation programme, Secretariat Monitoring Report (from August 2007 through April 2008), 11 June 2008, Rule of Law, Fight against corruption and organised crime, p. 10
[8] Ibid, p.10
[9] Council of Europe, SG/Inf (2008) 9 final Montenegro: Compliance with obligations and commitments and implementation of the post-accession co-operation programme, Secretariat Monitoring Report (from August 2007 through April 2008), 11 June 2008, Conclusions and Recommendations, Recommendations, p.15
[10] Ibid, p.15
[11] Commission of the European Communities, Commission Staff Working Paper Report on the Preparedness of Serbia and Montenegro to Negotiate a Stabilisation and Association Agreement with the European Union, Brussels, 12.04.2005 SEC (2005) 478 final , Justice and Home Affairs, Preventing and combating crime and other illegal activities . Combating illegal trafficking and illicit drugs, p. 43
[12] European Commission, Serbia and Montenegro 2005 Progress Report {COM (2005) 561 final}, Brussels, 9 November 2005 SEC (2005) 1428, European partnership: Overall assessment, Political situation, p. 55
[13] Council of Europe, SG/Inf(2005)13 , Serbia and Montenegro: Compliance with obligations and commitments and implementation of the post-accession co-operation programme, Eighth report (March 2005 – June 2005), 13 July 2005, Rule of Law, Fight against corruption, organised crime and regulation of conflicts of interest, p.14
[14] Commission of the European Communities, Commission Staff Working Document, Serbia 2006 Progress Report, {COM(2006) 649 final}, Brussels, 8.11.2006 SEC(2006) 1389, Political criteria, Democracy and the rule of law, Anti-corruption policy, p.11
[15] Council of Europe, SG/Inf(2006)15 final, Republic of Serbia: Compliance with obligations and commitments and implementation of the post-accession co-operation programme , First report (January -October 2006), 18December 2006, Rule of Law, Fight against corruption, organised crime and terrorism, p.15-16
[16] Group of States Against Corruption, Joint First and Second Evaluation Rounds, Evaluation Report on the Republic of Serbia, Adopted by GRECO at its 29th Plenary Meeting Strasbourg, 19-23 June 2006, Overview of anti-corruption policy in the republic of Serbia, Description of the situation, Criminal Law, p.4
[17] Group of States Against Corruption, Joint First and Second Evaluation Rounds, Evaluation Report on the Republic of Serbia, Adopted by GRECO at its 29th Plenary Meeting Strasbourg, 19-23 June 2006, Overview of anti-corruption policy in the republic of Serbia, Description of the situation, Major initiatives, p.6
[18] Commission of the European Communities, Commission Staff Working Document Serbia 2007 Progress Report, {COM(2007) 663 final}, Brussels, 6.11.2007 SEC(2007) 1435, Political criteria, Democracy and the Rule of Law, Anti-corruption policy, p. 11
[19] Ibid, p. 11
[20] Council of Europe, SG/Inf (2008) 3, Serbia: Compliance with obligations and commitments and implementation of the post-accession co-operation programme, 3rd Report (July 2007 – January 2008), 16 January 2008, Recent Developments, Rule of law , p.6
[21] European Commission, Bosnia and Herzegovina 2005 Progress Report, {COM (2005) 561 final}, Brussels, 9 November 2005, SEC (2005) 1422, Political situation, Democracy and the rule of law, Anti-corruption policy, p.18
[22] Ibid, p.18
[23] Ibid, p.19
[24] Council of Europe, Bosnia and Herzegovina: Compliance with obligations and commitments and implementation of the post-accession co-operation programme, Eleventh Report (May – October 2005), Rule of law, Fight against corruption and organised crime, p.12
[25] Commission of the European Communities, Commission Staff Working Document, Bosnia and Herzegovina 2006 Progress Report, {COM (2006) 649 final}, Brussels, 08.11.2006 SEC (2006) 1384, Political criteria, Democracy and the rule of law, Anti-corruption policy, p.12
[26] Ibid, p.12
[27] Commission of the European Communities, Commission Staff Working Document Bosnia and Herzegovina 2007 Progress Report {COM(2007) 663 final}, Brussels, 6.11.2007 SEC(2007) 1430, Political criteria, Democracy and the rule of law, Anti-corruption policy, p.14
[28] Council of Europe, Bosnia and Herzegovina: Compliance with obligations and commitments and implementation of the post-accession co-operation programme, Thirteenth Report (June 2006-March 2007), Rule of law, Fight against corruption and organised crime, p.14
[29] European Commission, Kosovo (under UNSCR 1244) 2005 Progress Report, {COM (2005) 561 final}, Brussels, 9 November 2005, SEC (2005) 1423, Political situation, Democracy and the rule of law, Anti-corruption policy , p.15 – 16
[30] Commission of the European Communities, Commission Staff Working Document Kosovo (under UNSCR 1244) 2006 Progress Report,Brussels, 08.11.2006 SEC (2006) 1386, Political criteria, Democracy and the rule of law, Anti-corruption policy, p. 11
[31] European Commission, Albania 2005 Progress Report {COM (2005) 561 final}, Brussels, 9 November 2005, SEC (2005) 1421, Political situation, Democracy and rule of law, Anti-corruption policy, p.15 – 16
[32] Ibid, p.16 – 17
[33] Group of States Against Corruption, Second Evaluation Round, Evaluation Report on Albania, Adopted by GRECO at its 22nd Plenary Meeting (Strasbourg, 14-18 March 2005), Theme I – Proceeds of corruption, Description of the situation, International co-operation, p.5
[34] Commission of the European Communities, Commission Staff Working Document, Albania 2006 Progress Report{COM (2006) 649 final}, Brussels, 8.11.2006, SEC(2006) 1383, Political criteria, Democracy and the rule of law, Anti-corruption policy, p.9
[35] Ibid, p.10
[36] Commission of the European Communities, Commission Staff Working Document, Albania 2007 Progress Report , {COM(2007) 663 final, Brussels, 6.11.2007, SEC(2007) 1429, Political criteria, Democracy and the rule of law, Anti-corruption policy, p. 10
[37] Ibid, p. 10
[38] Commission of the European Communities, Commission Staff Working Document, Albania 2007 Progress Report , {COM(2007) 663 final, Brussels, 6.11.2007, SEC(2007) 1429, European standards, Justice, freedom and security, Money laundering, p.46
[39] European Commission, Croatia 2005 Progress Report {COM (2005) 561 final}, Brussels, 9 November 2005 SEC (2005) 1424, Political criteria, Democracy and the rule of law, Anti-corruption policy, p.16
[40] European Commission, Croatia 2005 Progress Report {COM (2005) 561 final}, Brussels, 9 November 2005 SEC (2005) 1424, Ability to assume the obligations of membership, Chapters of the acquis, Judiciary and fundamental rights, p.87
[41] Ibid, p.87 – 88
[42] Commission of the European Communities, Commission Staff Working Document Croatia 2007 Progress Report, {COM(2007) 663 final}, Brussels, 6.11.2007 SEC(2007) 1431, Ability to assume the obligations of membership, Judiciary and fundamental rights, p.50
[43] Commission of the European Communities, Analytical Report for the Opinion on the application from the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia for EU membership {COM (2005) 562 final}, Brussels, 9 November 2005 SEC (2005) 1425, Political criteria, Democracy and the rule of law, Political criteria, Democracy and the rule of law, Anti-corruption policy, p.22
[44] Commission of the European Communities, Analytical Report for the Opinion on the application from the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia for EU membership {COM (2005) 562 final}, Brussels, 9 November 2005 SEC (2005) 1425, Ability to assume the obligations of membership, Chapters of the acquis, Judiciary and fundamental rights, Anti-corruption policy and measures, p. 110
[45] Group of States Against Corruption, Second Evaluation Round, Evaluation Report on the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Adopted by GRECO at its 25th Plenary Meeting, Strasbourg, 10 – 14 October 2005, Theme I – Proceeds of corruption, Description of the situation, International co-operation, p.5
[46] Commission of the European Communities, Commission Staff Working Document, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia 2006 Progress Report, {COM (2006) 649 final}, Brussels, 08.11.2006 SEC (2006)1387
Political criteria, Democracy and the rule of law, Anti-corruption policy, p. 11
[47] Commission of the European Communities, Commission Staff Working Document, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia 2006 Progress Report, {COM (2006) 649 final}, Brussels, 08.11.2006 SEC (2006)1387, Ability to assume the obligations of membership, Judiciary and fundamental rights, p.45
[48] Commission of the European Communities, Commission Staff Working Document the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia 2007, Progress Report, {COM(2007) 663 final} Brussels, 6.11.2007 SEC(2007) 1432, Ability to assume the obligations of membership, Judiciary and fundamental rights, 50
[49] Ibid, 50
[50] Ibid, 51
[51] Commission of the European Communities, 2004 Regular Report on Bulgaria’s Progress Towards Accession, {COM(2004) 657 final}, Brussels, 6.10.2004 SEC(2004) 1199 , Political criteria, Democracy and the rule of law, The judicial system, p.20
[52] European Commission, Bulgaria 2005 Comprehensive Monitoring Report, {COM (2005) 534 final}, Brussels, 25 October 2005 SEC (2005) 1352, Political criteria, Implementation of recommendations for improvements, Anti-corruption measures, p.12
[53] Commission of the European Communities, Communication From the Commission, Monitoring report on the state of preparedness for EU membership of Bulgaria and Romania, Brussels, 26.9.2006 COM(2006) 549 final, The issues highlighted in the conclusion of the may 2006 report which needed further action, Political criteria, Justice system, p.16
[54] Commission of the European Communities, 2004 Regular Report on Romania’s progress towards accession, {COM(2004) 657 final}, Brussels, 6.10.2004, SEC(2004) 1200, Political criteria, Democracy and the rule of law, Anti-corruption measures, p.22
[55] Ibid, p.22
[56] Ibid, p.22
[57] European Commission, Romania 2005 Comprehensive Monitoring Report {COM (2005) 534 final}, Brussels, 25 October 2005 SEC (2005) 1354, Political criteria, Implementation of recommendations for improvements, Anti-corruption measures, p.14 – 15
[58] Ibid, p. 15
[59] European Commission, Romania 2005 Comprehensive Monitoring Report {COM (2005) 534 final}, Brussels, 25 October 2005 SEC (2005) 1354, Chapters of the acquis, Co-operation in the field of justice and home affairs, p.70
[60] Group of States Against Corruption, Second Evaluation Round, Evaluation Report on Romania, Adopted by GRECO at its 25th Plenary Meeting (Strasbourg, 10 – 14 October 2005), Introduction, p.2